Ecological dynamics
Cool Loamy, threetip sagebrush produces about 800 to 1,200 pounds per acre of biomass annually
In the sagebrush steppe areas of MLRA 8, Wyoming sagebrush – bluebunch wheatgrass communities reign far and wide. But Cool Loamy, threetip sagebrush has a shift in plant community composition, with threetip sagebrush and Idaho fescue the featured species. Bluebunch wheatgrass and threadleaf sedge are also important species on this site.
Compared to other upland ecological sites, Cool Loamy, threetip sagebrush has more available soil moisture. This happens twofold: (1) there is more moisture (more spring rain, deeper snowpack, more fog), and (2) the precipitation is more effective (cooler temperatures, less runoff and less evaporation due to closer spacing of plants, and hence, more soil cover). Threetip sage and Idaho fescue are especially linked to the additional soil moisture on this ecological site. The third dominant species in the reference state, bluebunch wheatgrass, is not as linked to the additional soil moisture.
Threetip sagebrush is a short, shallow-rooted, evergreen shrub. Leaves are more deeply lobed than big sagebrush. Compared to big sagebrush, threetip sage grows on sites that are moister or at higher elevations. Threetip sagebrush has a very slow growth rate, reaching a height of one foot after twenty years. In Washington threetip sage generally sprouts following fire but it is not a big-time sprouter like rabbitbrush. It can take years for threetip sage to get back to pre-burn conditions.
Idaho fescue is shorter and has a dense clump of shoots, while bluebunch wheatgrass is taller and is less dense. Both species are long-lived bunchgrasses. Bluebunch has an awned or awnless seed head arranged in a spike, while Idaho fescue has an awned seed head arranged in a panicle. The ratio of Idaho fescue to bluebunch wheatgrass plants on any site can vary due to aspect and elevation.
Both grasses provide a crucial and extensive network of roots to the upper portions (up to 48” deep in soils with no root-restrictive horizons) of the soil profile. These roots create a massive underground source to stabilize the soils, provide organic matter and nutrients inputs, and help maintain soil pore space for water infiltration and water retention in the soil profile. The extensive rooting system of mid-sized bunchgrasses leave very little soil niche space available for invasion by other species. This drought resistant root can compete with, and suppress, the spread of exotic weeds.
Threadleaf sedge is a sod-forming, densely tufted, native perennial graminoid. In nature threadleaf sedge seedlings are rare as it reproduces mainly from asexual tillers. Often threadleaf sedge is an increaser when other species in the community are in decline.
The stability and resiliency of the reference communities is directly linked to the health and vigor of Idaho fescue and bluebunch wheatgrass. Refer to page 8 for more details about bunchgrass physiology. Research has found that the community remains resistant to medusahead invasion if the site maintains at least 0.8 mid-sized bunchgrass plant/sq. ft. (K. Davies 2008). These two bunchgrasses hold the system together. If we lose either or both bunchgrass the ecosystem begins to unravel.
The natural disturbance regime for grassland communities is periodic lightning-caused fires. The fire return intervals (FRI) listed in research for sagebrush steppe communities is quite variable. Ponderosa pine communities have the shortest FRI of about 10 to 20 years (Miller). The FRI increases as one moves to wetter forested sites or to dries shrub steppe communities. Given the uncertainties and opinions of reviewers, a mean of 75 years and a range of 50 to 100 was chosen for Wyoming sagebrush communities (Rapid Assessment Model). Threetip sage-fescue areas should have a comparable fire return interval.
Some fires are spotty or do not burn hot enough to fully remove the sagebrush. Fires with light severity will remove less sagebrush and open smaller patches for grass and forb recovery, whereas the more severe fires will remove almost all the sagebrush and leave vast areas open to return to bunchgrass dominance. This is how the patchy distribution occurs. Rabbitbrush and horsebrush are sprouting shrubs and may also increase following fire.
The effect of fire on the main species is mixed for the Cool Loamy site. Threetip sagebrush in Central Washington sprouts from lateral roots or the root crown following fire and bluebunch wheatgrass is fire tolerant. Threetip is also a vigorous, wind-dispersed seeder and in many cases, after fire, threetip will both re-sprout and disperse new seed from the surviving plants. Both species recover quickly. But Idaho fescue is much more sensitive to fire. Under windy conditions, a fire can burn into the crown of Idaho fescue, leaving behind “black holes” or nothing but ash. When a site loses its Idaho fescue, the holes will be filled by vigorous native species or exotic weeds. Threetip sage and bluebunch wheatgrass keeps the site resistant to change, while Idaho fescue makes the site more at risk.
A severe fire puts stress on the entire community. The sagebrush layer is completely removed. Spots or patches with heavy sagebrush are sterilized by the fire and must be seeded to prevent invasive species (annual grasses, tumble mustard) from totally occupying the site. Bluebunch wheatgrass and basin wildrye will have weak vigor for a few years but generally survive. Idaho fescue plants are very much at risk with a severe burn coupled with wind. The result can be “black holes” or ash 2 to 3 inches into the crown. The death of Idaho fescue plants creates holes in the community, and the opportunity for exotic species to colonize. Needle and thread is one native species that can increase via new seedlings.
Idaho fescue and bluebunch wheatgrass exhibit rapid tillering when there is light severity fires and favorable soil moisture. But, the longer the site goes without fire and the more grazing pressure added, the more threetip sagebrush cover increases and the bunchgrasses decline.
Grazing is another common disturbance that occurs to this ecological site. Grazing pressure can be defined as heavy grazing intensity, or frequent grazing during reproductive growth, or season-long grazing (the same plants grazed more than once). As grazing pressure increases the plant community unravels in stages:
1. Cusick bluegrass is eliminated. Adjacent natives fill the void
2. Idaho fescue declines while bluebunch wheatgrass and threetip sage increase
3. Both Idaho fescue and bluebunch wheatgrass decline while threetip sage and threadleaf sedge increase
4. With further decline invasive species colonize the site
5. The site can become a threetip sage-threadleaf sedge community
Managing sagebrush steppe to improve the vigor and health of native bunchgrasses begins with an understanding of grass physiology. New growth each year begins from basal buds. Given the opportunity Idaho fescue readily produces new seedlings while bluebunch wheatgrass plants rely principally on tillering. During seed formation, the growing points of bluebunch wheatgrass become elevated and are vulnerable to damage or removal. Idaho fescue has weak stems and is much more sensitive to grazing than bluebunch wheatgrass.
If defoliated during the formation of seeds, bluebunch wheatgrass has limited capacity to tiller compared with other, more grazing resistant grasses (Caldwell et al., 1981). Repeated critical period grazing is especially damaging. Over several years each native bunchgrass pasture should be rested during the critical period two out of every three years (approximately April 15 to July 15). And each pasture should be rested the entire growing-season every third year (approximately March 1 to July 15).
In the spring each year it is important to monitor and maintain an adequate top growth: (1) so plants have enough energy to replace basal buds annually, (2) to optimize regrowth following spring grazing, (3) to protect the elevated growing points of bluebunch wheatgrass, and (4) to avoid excessing defoliation of Idaho fescue with its weak stems.
These grasses remain competitive if:
(1) Basal buds are replaced annually,
(2) Enough top-growth is maintained for growth and protection of growing points, and
(3) The timing of grazing and non-grazing is managed over a several-year period. Careful management of late spring grazing is especially critical
For more grazing management information refer to Range Technical Notes found in Section I Reference Lists of NRCS Field Office Technical Guide for Washington State.
In Washington, threetip sagebrush – Idaho fescue/bluebunch wheatgrass communities provide habitat for a variety of upland wildlife species.
State 1
Reference - Sagebrush Steppe with No Invasive Species
State 1 represents sagebrush steppe with no invasive or exotic species. All the functional, structural groups have one or more species. Reference State Community Phases: 1.1 Reference Idaho fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass and threetip sagebrush 1.2 Shrub Steppe Threetip sage and Idaho fescue and bluebunch wheatgrass Communities 1.1 and 1.2 are stable with a high cover of Idaho fescue/bluebunch wheatgrass and low to moderate cover of threetip sage. Both communities have a minor amount of threadleaf sedge which is native, but also rhizomatous. But when the dominant bunchgrasses exhibit low vigor and decline, threadleaf sedge and threetip sage increase and Japanese brome colonizes the disturbed sites. Dominate Reference State Species: Threetip sagebrush, Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass At-risk Communities: • All communities in the reference state are at risk of invasive species. The seed source for Japanese brome or other invasive annual seed blows onto most sites annually. • Any community becomes at-risk of moving to State 3 when Idaho fescue and bluebunch have low vigor the cover of threadleaf sedge is expanding, and Japanese brome has colonized the site • Any community is at risk when fire kills the Idaho fescue plants. The holes could quickly be filled by threadleaf sedge or Japanese brome. The site should be inter-seeded that fall or early the following spring
Community 1.1
Reference
70% Idaho fescue & bluebunch wheatgrass
10% threetip sagebrush
Community 1.2
Shrub Steppe
50% Idaho fescue & bluebunch wheatgrass
30% threetip sagebrush
10% threadleaf sedge
Pathway 1.1A
Community 1.1 to 1.2
Result: shift from reference community to shrub steppe community. Moderate reduction in bunchgrasses and a moderate increase in threetip sage Causes: Over time with no fire and grazing pressure exerted on the bunchgrasses, the shrubs gain the competitive edge. Grazing pressure is defined as heavy grazing intensity, season long grazing or frequent late spring grazing Ecological process: Idaho fescue and bluebunch wheatgrass have low vigor, shrinking crowns. With less competition from bunchgrasses, threetip sagebrush sets new seedlings and expands. Indicators: increasing cover of threetip sage and decreasing cover of Idaho fescue and bluebunch wheatgrass.
Pathway 1.2A
Community 1.2 to 1.1
Result: shift from shrub steppe community to reference community. Threetip sage declines while bunchgrasses increase Causes: Moderate severity fire sets threetip sage back while Idaho expands given the opportunity and good vigor both pre- and post-fire. Also, the fire would need to not burn into the root crown of Idaho fescue. Ecological process: Threetip sage has moderate sprouting ability, so some but not all plants sprout following fire. Idaho fescue and other bunchgrasses have good vigor post-fire and expand via tillering and new seedlings. Proper grazing management post-fire keep the bunchgrasses vigorous and competitive.
State 2
Shrub and Sedge
State 2 represents a sedge-shrub community. Many native functional, structural groups have been altered or are missing. Annual grasses such as Japanese brome are present but secondary to the shrub and sedge components. Community Phases for State 2: 2.1 Sedge-Shrub Threadleaf sedge-Threetip sage In Community 2.1, sod-forming threadleaf sedge has expanded to a position of dominance. Threetip sage has increased but is quite variable. In some instances, threetip sage is co-dominant and in other instances is secondary to threadleaf sedge. But when the dominant bunchgrasses exhibit low vigor and decline, threadleaf sedge and threetip sage increase. Japanese brome or ventenata may colonize the disturbed sites. The loss of soil biological crusts contributes to the invasion by annual grasses. Dominate Species in State 2: Threadleaf sedge, threetip sagebrush
Community 2.1
Srhub and Sedge
In Community 2.1, sod-forming threadleaf sedge has expanded to a position of dominance. Threetip sage has increased but is quite variable. In some instances, threetip sage is co-dominant and in other instances is secondary to threadleaf sedge. But when the dominant bunchgrasses exhibit low vigor and decline, threadleaf sedge and threetip sage increase. Japanese brome or ventenata may colonize the disturbed sites. The loss of soil biological crusts contributes to the invasion by annual grasses.
State 3
Seeded Grasses
State 3 represents sites that have been seeded. The site was no longer productive for intended uses. So, a commitment was made to kill existing stand and seed more desirable species. Control of threadleaf sedge would be critical to success.
Communities for State 3: 3.1 Seeded Grasses and 3.2 Shrub and Seeded Grasses Refer to narrative for R1
Dominant species in State 2: Desirable seeded grass species with or without a legume.
Community 3.1
Seeded Grasses
85% seeded grasses
Community 3.2
Shrub and Seeded Grasses
50% shrub
40% seeded grasses
Pathway 3.2A
Community 3.1 to 3.2
Shrub-grass community shifts back to seeded grass community Causes: If the stand still has a good stand of bunchgrasses, shrubs are controlled by chemical treatment. Bunchgrasses will need good plant vigor pre- and post-treatment.
Pathway 3.1A
Community 3.2 to 3.1
Seeded grass community shifts to a shrub and grass community. Causes: Grazing pressure on the desirable grasses put them in decline while the shrubs increase.
Transition T1A
State 1 to 2
The Reference State has only a minor amount of threadleaf sedge and no invasive species. In State 2 threadleaf sedge makes a significant increase along with threetip sage. Primary Trigger: Heavy grazing pressure (heavy grazing intensity, season long grazing or frequent late spring grazing) on Idaho fescue and bluebunch wheatgrass. Also, soil disturbances by rodents, badgers or rabbits allow annual grasses to colonize. Ecological process. The cover of threadleaf sedge and threetip sagebrush increase as the cover of the dominant bunchgrasses decline. Japanese brome or other invasive annual grasses may colonize disturbed areas and later, expands as opportunity presents itself. Indicators: increasing gaps between dominant bunchgrasses (Idaho fescue and bluebunch wheatgrass). Expanding cover of threadleaf sedge and threetip sage, and invasive species colonizing disturbed sites.
Restoration pathway R2A
State 2 to 3
This restoration transition does not occur without significant time and inputs to control weeds, prepare a seedbed, seed desirable species, and post-seeding weed control and management. This requires a commitment of two years or more to kill threadleaf sedge and for weed control. Care must be taken to maintain soil structure so that the seedbed has many safe-sites for the seed. Seed placement must be managed to achieve seed-soil contact at very shallow depth (about 1/8 inch is desired). Proper grazing management is essential to maintain the stand post-seeding. Secar Snake River wheatgrass, thickspike wheatgrass, Sherman big bluegrass, Sandberg bluegrass, and crested or intermediate wheatgrass are typical species seeded on Cool Loamy ecological site. The actual transition occurs when the seeded species have successfully established and are outcompeting the threadleaf sedge, shrubs and annual species for cover and dominance of resources.
Transition T3A
State 3 to 2
Desirable seeded species have low vigor and are declining. The cover of threadleaf sedge, threetip sage and invasive annuals is expanding. The competitive edge This transition occurs when the cover of dominant bunchgrasses drops to less than 10 percent threadleaf sedge has assumed a dominant position in the community. Primary trigger: heavy grazing pressure (heavy grazing intensity, season long grazing or frequent late spring grazing) reduces the vigor of the desirable seeded species. Indicators: Declining vigor and cover for the seeded species. Increasing canopy gaps between perennial species. Increasing cover of threadleaf sedge, threetip sage and cover of exotic species.
