Physiographic features

This ecological site primarily occurs on coastal plain landscapes on level to slightly sloping alluvial fans and alluvial flats (USDA-SCS, 1972).

Table 2. Representative physiographic features

Table 3. Representative physiographic features (actual ranges)

Climatic features

Summary for this ecological site

Rainfall statistics were determined from University of Hawaii's Rainfall Atlas Raster Data (Giambelluca et al., 2013). Most of the precipitation falls from October through April. Representative (20th and 80th percentiles) values for annual average precipitation range from 23 to 43 inches (584 to 1,092 millimeters) while actual (10th and 90th percentiles) values for annual average precipitation range from 22 to 52 inches (559 to 1,321 millimeters). Extreme values range from 14 to 122 inches (356 to 3,099 millimeters). The mean annual precipitation is 33 inches (838 millimeters) and the median annual average precipitation is 28 inches (711 millimeters).

Temperature statistics were determined from University of Hawaii's Surface Temperature Raster Data (Giambelluca et al., 2014). Representative (20th and 80th percentiles) values for annual temperatures range from 75 to 81 degrees F (24 to 27 degrees C) while actual (10th and 90th percentiles) values for annual temperatures range from 73 to 81 degrees F (23 to 27 degrees C). Extreme values range from 70 to 82 degrees F (21 to 28 degrees C). The mean annual temperature is 77 degrees F (25 degrees C) and the median annual temperature is 75 degrees F (24 degrees C).

The data presented in the climate normals tables below are from the Western Region Climate Center (Western Regional Climate Center, 2020). The available climate station data are most representative of the low and moderate precipitation areas of this ecological site. I used these data because they provide a reasonable approximation of the University of Hawaii data presented above.

Conditions typically are very dry. Rainfall occurs as occasional light trade wind showers that drift over from the windward side of the island and as heavier rainfall during major winter storms. Major storms are important for soil moisture recharge, and the number of major storms is highly variable. Drought can result from a winter with few or no storms. Due to the latitude, daylength varies little during the year, resulting in only about a 50 percent variation in solar energy input between June maximum to December minimum. This variation is somewhat less than that found in the continental United States (USDA-SCS, 1972; Western Regional Climate Center, 2020).

General principles

Air temperature in the Hawaiian Islands is buffered by the surrounding ocean so that the range in temperature through the year is narrow. This creates “iso" - soil temperature regimes in which mean summer and winter temperatures differ by less than 6 degrees C (11 degrees F) (USDA-SCS, 1972; Western Regional Climate Center, 2020).

Hawaiian indigenous understanding recognized two seasons: Kau or Kauwela (dry season), and Ho`oilo (wet season). During Kau, the sun is directly overhead, days are long and warm, and the trade winds are stronger and more consistent; Kau started on the first new moon in May when the Pleiades set at sunrise (Handy et al., 1991). During Ho’oilo (wet season) the sun is declined toward the south, days are shorter, temperatures cooler and winds more variable and generally started with the first new moon in November. Ho’oilo is also the season when extensive low-pressure systems often approach the islands from the west, producing heavy rainstorms that primarily affect the leeward sides, but can envelope the entire island. (Malo, 1903; Handy et al., 1991; Sanderson, 1993). Differences in rainfall amounts between winter and summer are most marked in low elevation dry areas; wetter areas exhibit less seasonal variation in rainfall (USDA-SCS, 1972; Western Regional Climate Center, 2020).

The islands lie within the trade wind zone. Moisture is picked up from the ocean by trade winds to an altitude of about 6,000 feet (1,850 meters). As the trade winds from the northeast are forced up the islands’ mountains their moisture condenses, creating rain on the windward slopes; the leeward sides of the island receive little of this moisture.

On Kauai, Molokai, Lanai, and Oahu where the mountains are all lower than 6,000 feet (1850 meters), the highest rainfall amounts occur along or near the summits. The moist trade winds usually flow across these lower mountains and around the higher mountains. Lanai is sheltered from the trade winds by the much larger island of Maui, putting it in a rain shadow during trade wind weather; rainfall on Lanai is uncharacteristically low for Hawaii (USDA-SCS, 1972; Western Regional Climate Center, 2020).

Besides the trade winds discussed above, other rainfall sources on the Hawaiian Islands include: a) Widespread winter storms that usually approach the islands from the west, producing heavy rainstorms that primarily affect the leeward sides but can envelope much larger areas; b) "Naulu storms" (Leopold, 1949) caused by local convergence of sea breezes and trade winds to produce summertime cumulus clouds, resulting in infrequent, short-duration, high-intensity rainfall and afternoon shade over leeward dry areas; and c) Fog drip, particularly important to areas with relatively low rainfall, that adds a significant amount of water to areas where clouds intersect mountains (Juvik and Nullet, 1993; Western Regional Climate Center, 2020).

The heaviest rains are brought by winter storms. The greatest amounts of storm rainfall do not always occur in areas with the highest average rainfall, and a storm may bring half of the mean annual rainfall to a dry area in one day (USDA-SCS, 1972; Western Regional Climate Center, 2020).

Table 4. Representative climatic features

Climate stations used

• (1) WAIMEA 947 [USC00519629], Kekaha, HI

• (2) BARKING SANDS [USW00022501], Kekaha, HI

• (3) WAIKIKI 717.2 [USC00519397], Honolulu, HI

• (4) EWA KALAELOA AP [USW00022551], Kapolei, HI

• (5) HONOLULU INTL AP [USW00022521], Honolulu, HI

• (6) WAIMANALO EXP F 795.1 [USC00519523], Waimanalo, HI

• (7) MAKAWELI 965 [USC00515864], Hanapepe, HI

• (8) PUU MANAWAHUA 725.6 [USC00518500], Kapolei, HI

• (9) WAIMEA VALLEY 892.2 [USC00519603], Haleiwa, HI

• (10) KII-KAHUKU 911 [USC00514500], Kahuku, HI

Influencing water features

Many areas are dissected by intermittent streams (USFWS, 2023).

Number of National Wetland Inventory (NWI) features overlapping ecological this site: riverine (209), freshwater forested/shrub wetland (123), freshwater emergent wetland (120), freshwater pond (86), estuarine and marine deepwater (18), and lake (2). (USFWS, 2023).

Number of National Hydrologic Dataset (NHD) features overlapping this ecological site: lake/pond (56), reservoir (13), foreshore (5), sea/ocean (2), steam/river (1), and swamp/marsh (1). (USGS, 2019).

Soil features

The soil components associated with this ecological site are Honouliuli, Kaena, Kapuhikani, Lualualei, Makalapa, and Nonopahu.

They are mineral soils that formed primarily in alluvium or on marine terraces. They have isohyperthermic (very warm) soil temperature regimes. Most of the soils have a torric or aridic soil moisture regime (in normal years, dry for more than half of the growing season and moist for less than 90 consecutive days during the growing season), except for Kaena which is aquic. Soil drainage values range from well drained to poorly drained. Soil depths range from moderately deep (Makalapa) to deep or very deep. Surface horizons from 0 to 10 inches (0 to 254 millimeters) have pH values ranging from 7.0 to 7.6 while pH values from 10 to 20 inches (254 to 762 millimeters) range from 6.5 to 7.9. All the soils are clayey, either throughout or in their upper horizons, and are in landscape positions that retain base cations derived from parent materials and inflows of water from surrounding areas (USDA-SCS, 1972).

All the soils are classified in the soil order Vertisols. Soils in this order have a high content of clay, pronounced changes in volume with changes in moisture, and deep cracks that open when soils are dry and close when soils become wet. They tend to be fertile and to store and retain high amounts of water. On a global basis, their natural vegetation in semiarid climates is usually open savanna, shrubland, or grassland (Shoji et al., 1993; Virmani et al., 1982).

Kapuhikani soils are extremely stony within the soil profile and shallow to moderately deep (20 to 27 inches or 40 to 68 centimeters). They are classified as calcitorrert and support a calcium carbonate equivalent up to 10 which higher than any of the other soils. They support sparse vegetation with much bare ground (USDA-SCS, 1972).

Kaena soils are aquic and somewhat poorly to poorly drained. However, they support the same natural vegetation as all the other soils and are used for growing crops; there is no mention of artificial irrigation in the Soil Survey. Roots are abundant to a depth of 37 inches (92 centimeters) and are present to 54 inches (135 centimeters). The upper 10 inches (25 centimeters) of soil have some “mottles” but not a gleyed matrix. Deeper horizons have a gleyed matrix with fine “mottles” suggesting seasonal drainage and oxidation in localized sites throughout the soil profile; the descriptions of hydromorphic features do not allow for further assumptions than these. There is no mention of “self-mulching” or cracking depth for Kaena soils. Given the available soil description, climate, and dominant vegetation, it is apparent that soil conditions produce vegetation and management that fit within the concept of this ecological site (USDA-SCS, 1972).

Adjoining the soils described above are areas mapped as Miscellaneous Areas. By definition, they have little or no soil and support little or no vegetation. In the Soil Survey of Islands of Kauai, Oahu, Maui, Molokai, and Lanai, State of Hawaii upon which this ecological site is based, Miscellaneous Areas are extensive, and most were mapped by low-intensity reconnaissance methods that provide less-detailed information than that presented for soil series and their phases. In many cases, however, Miscellaneous Areas in Maui, Molokai, Lanai, Oahu, and Kauai are moderately- to well-vegetated and may contain plant and animal species of interest to conservationists. They are either extremely difficult to access or were not considered important enough at the time of this survey to warrant full expenditure of resources. They are described in the following paragraphs (USDA-SCS, 1972).

Coral Outcrop (CR) occurs on Oahu and Lanai. It consists of coral or cemented calcareous sand. Eighty to 90 percent is coral outcrop and 10 to 20 percent is a thin layer of friable, red soil material in cracks, crevices, and depressions. The soil material is like Mamala series. Much of this Miscellaneous Area is covered by urban development. Otherwise, it supports patches of grasses and kiawe (Prosopis pallida). Some areas on Oahu support dense stands of kiawe. It is not known if this is natural or due to crushing of stone or movement of fine materials by heavy equipment (USDA-SCS, 1972).

Rock Land (Rrk) occurs on parent materials of basalt or andesite. Rock cover on the surface ranges from 25 to 90 percent; soils are very shallow (less than 10 inches or 25 centimeters). Near this ecological site it occurs mostly in gulches created by ephemeral streams. Vegetation is generally sparse, but in some spots, vegetation is dense due to localized accumulations of soil and extra moisture from seasonal stream flows. Common plant species are kiawe (Prosopis pallida), sweet acacia or klu (Vachellia farnesiana), tanglehead or pili grass (Heteropogon contortus), uhaloa (Waltheria indica), and white leadtree or koa haole (Leucaena leucocephala) (USDA-SCS, 1972).

Stony Land (Rst) occurs only in the Waianae Mountains of Oahu. It consists of a mass of boulders and stones covering fifteen to ninety percent of the surface in valleys and on sideslopes of drainageways. Slopes are 5 to 40 percent. Soils occurring among the boulders and stones consists of silty clay loam like Ewa series and clay similar to Lualualei series. It is well vegetated by kiawe (Prosopis pallida), lantana (Lantana camara), white leadtree or koa haole (Leucaena leucocephala), Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon), and annual plants (USDA-SCS, 1972).

Very Stony Land (Rvs) occurs mostly in parent materials of aa lava with volcanic ash. Fifty to 90 percent of the surface is covered with stones and boulders. Some occurrences of Very Stony Land adjoining this ecological site support vegetation as dense as, or denser than, some soil series. The array of plant species is probably like that found on the predominant soil series in the area (USDA-SCS, 1972).

Very Stony Land, Eroded (Rvt2) occurs only on Molokai and Lanai. Fifty to 75 percent of the surface is covered with stones and boulders. It is common in shallow gullies and a few deep gullies. Soil material is like Holomua, Molokai, Pamoa, and Waikapu series. Slopes are 3 to 40 percent. It contains more soil material than Very Stony Land (Rvs) and appears to support more vegetation than Very Stony Land. Soils are clayey and shallower than 24 inches (60 centimeters) but is deeper in low areas where soil can accumulate. It is mostly vegetated but has some bare spots and areas; common species are kiawe (Prosopis pallida), yellow ‘ilima (Sida fallax), tanglehead or pili grass (Heteropogon contortus), and swollen fingergrass (Chloris barbata) (USDA-SCS, 1972).

Table 5. Representative soil features

Table 6. Representative soil features (actual values)

Other references

References for R163XY001HI Shrink-Swell Clay

Abrahamson, I.L. (2013). Fire regimes in Hawai’ian plant communities. Fire Effects
Information System [https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/fire_regimes/Hawaii/all.html].

Athens, J.S. (1997). Prehistoric environmental and landscape change. In Kirch, P.V. & T.L. Hunt (Eds.), Hawai’ian native lowland vegetation in the Pacific Islands (Pgs. 248 -270). Yale University Press. [https://www.pelagicos.net/BIOL3010/readings/Athens_1997.pdf].

Cuddihy, L.W., & C.P. Stone. (1990). Alteration of native Hawai’ian vegetation: Effects of humans, their activities and introductions. University of Hawaii Cooperative National Park Resources Study Unit.

Department of Land and Natural Resources (2024). Hawai’i State Aha Moku. [https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/ahamoku/councils/].

Giambelluca, T.W., Q. Chen, A.G. Frazier, J.P. Price, Y.L. Chen, P.-S. Chu, J.K. Eischeid, & D.M. Delparte. (2013): Online rainfall atlas of Hawai’i. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 94, 313-316, DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00228.1].

Giambelluca, T.W., X. Shuai, M.L. Barnes, R.J. Alliss, R.J. Longman, T. Miura, Q. Chen, A.G. Frazier, R.G. Mudd, L. Cuo, & A.D. Businger. (2014). Evapotranspiration of Hawai’i. Final report submitted to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers - Honolulu District, and the Commission on Water Resource Management, State of Hawai’i. [https://www.hawaii.edu/climate-data-portal/evapotranspiration-atlas/].

Handy, E.S.C., E.G. Handy, & Pukui, M.K. (First Edition 1972, Revised Edition 1991). Native planters in old Hawai’i: Their life, lore, and environment. Bishop Museum Press.

Henke, L.A. (1929). A survey of livestock in Hawai’i. Research Publication No. 5. University of Hawai’i, Honolulu. [https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/RP-5.pdf].

Juvik, J.O., & Nullett, D. (1993). A climate transect through tropical montane rain forests in Hawai’i. Department of Geography, University of Hawai’i at Hilo, Hilo Hawai’i. Journal of Applied Meteorology. Volume 33.

Kirch, P.V. (1982). The impact of the prehistoric Polynesians in the Hawai’ian ecosystem. Pacific Science 36 (1):1-14.

Kirch, P.V. (1983). Introduction. In Archaeological investigations of the Mudlane-Waimea-Kawaihae Road Corridor, Island of Hawai’i: An Interdisciplinary Study of an Environmental Transect. Clark, J.T. and Kirch, P.V., eds. Dept. of Anthropology, Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Report 83-1, Honolulu, HI.

Leopold, L.B. (1949). The interaction of trade wind and sea breeze, Hawai’i. Journal of Meteorology 6: 312-320.

Lincoln, N.K, T.P. Haensel, & Lee, T.M. (2023). Modeling Hawai’ian agroecology: Depicting traditional adaptation to the world’s most diverse environment. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems. Climate-Smart Food Systems. Volume 7 – 2023.
[https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2023.1116929].

Malo, D. (1903). Hawaiian antiquities. N.B. Emerson (trans.). Bishop Museum Special Publication 2. Honolulu.

Rock, J.F. (1st edition 1913, reprinted 1974). The Indigenous trees of the Hawai’ian Islands. C. E. Tuttle Company, Rutland, V.T. & Tokyo, Japan.

Sanderson, M. (ed.). (1993). Prevailing trade winds, weather and climate in Hawai’i. University of Hawai’i Press. Honolulu.

Shoji S.D., M. Nanzyo, & R. Dahlgren. (1993). Volcanic ash soils: Genesis, properties and utilization. Elsevier, New York.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. (2006). Land resource regions and major land resource areas of the United States, the Caribbean, and the Pacific Basin. United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 296. [https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-10/AgHandbook296_text_low-res.pdf].

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Survey Conservation Service. (1972). Soil survey of Islands of Kauai, Oahu, Maui, Molokai, and Lanai, State of Hawai’i. Foote D.E., Hill E.L., Nakamura S., & F. Stephens, in cooperation with The University of Hawai’i Agricultural Experiment Station.

U. S. Department of Interior, Fish & Wildlife Service. (2023). Download seamless wetlands data by state. National Wetlands Inventory website. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C. Accessed April 24, 2024. [https://www.fws.gov/program/national-wetlands-inventory/download-state-wetlands-data].

U.S. Department of Interior, Geological Survey. (2006). A Gap analysis of Hawai’i: February 2006 final report. National gap analysis program. [https://catalog.lib.uchicago.edu/vufind/Record/6329681/Details].

U.S. Department of Interior, Geological Survey. (2019). National Hydrography Dataset (NHD) – USGS national map downloadable data collection: USGS – National Geospatial Technical Operations Center (NGTOC). [https://www.usgs.gov/national-hydrography/access-national-hydrography-products].

Virmani S.M., K.L. Sahrawat, & J.R. Burford. (1982). Physical and Chemical Properties of Vertisols and their Management. Conference paper from 12th International Congress of Soil Science, New Delhi, India, 8-16 February 1982.

Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst, & S.H. Sohmer. (1999). Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai’i, Revised Edition. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

Western Regional Climate Center, (2020). Climate of Hawai’i. Available: [https://wrcc.dri.edu/Climate/narrative_hi.php].

DEFINITIONS
These definitions have been greatly simplified for brevity and do not cover every aspect of each topic.

Aa lava: A type of basaltic lava having a rough, jagged, clinkery surface and a vesicular interior.

Alluvial: Materials or processes associated with transportation and/or deposition by running water.

Aquic soil moisture regime: A regime in which the soil is free of dissolved oxygen because it is saturated by water. This regime typically exists in bogs or swamps.

Aridic soil moisture regime: A regime in which defined parts of the soil are, in normal years, dry for more than half of the growing season and moist for less than 90 consecutive days during the growing season. In Hawaii it is associated with hot, dry areas with plants such as kiawe, wiliwili, and buffelgrass. The terms aridic and torric are basically the same.

Basal area or basal cover: The cross sectional area of the stem or stems of a plant or of all plants in a stand.

CaCO3 equivalent: The amount of free lime in a soil. Free lime exists as solid material and typically occurs in regions with a dry climate.

Canopy cover: The percentage of ground covered by the vertical projection downward of the outermost perimeter of the spread of plant foliage. Small openings within the canopy are included.

Community pathway: A description of the causes of shifts between community phases. A community pathway is reversible and is attributable to succession, natural disturbances, short-term climatic variation, and facilitating practices, such as grazing management.

Community phase: A unique assemblage of plants and associated dynamic soil properties within a state.

Dominant species: Plant species or species groups that exert considerable influence upon a community due to size, abundance, or cover.

Drainage class: The frequency, duration, and depth of a water table in a soil. There are seven drainage classes, ranging from “excessively drained” (soils with very rare or very deep water tables) to “well drained” (soils that provide ample water for plant growth but are not so wet as to inhibit root growth) to “very poorly drained” (soils with a water table at or near the surface during much of the growing season that inhibits growth of most plants).

Electrical conductivity (EC): A measure of the salinity of a soil. The standard unit is deciSiemens per meter (dS/m), which is numerically equivalent to millimhos per centimeter (mmhos/cm). An EC greater than about 4 dS/m indicates a salinity level that is unfavorable to growth of most plants.

Friability: A soil consistency term pertaining to the ease of crumbling of soils.

Gleyed: A condition of soil from which iron has been reduced (in the redox chemistry sense) and removed during soil formation or that saturation with stagnant water has preserved a reduced state. If iron has been removed, the soil is the color of uncoated sand and silt particles. If iron is present in a reduced state, the soil is the color of reduced iron (typically bluish-gray). Redox concentrations (spots of oxidized iron, formerly called mottles are often present.

Hydrous: A “soil texture modifier” for volcanic ash soils having a water content at the crop wilting point of 100 percent or more; a soil that holds more water than “medial” or “ashy” soils.

Ion exchange capacity: The ability of soil materials such as clay or organic matter to retain ions (which may be plant nutrients) and to release those ions for uptake by roots.

Isohyperthermic soil temperature regime: A regime in which mean annual soil temperature is 72 degrees F (22 degrees C) or higher and mean summer and mean winter soil temperatures differ by less than 11 degrees F (6 degrees C) at a specified depth.

Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): A geographic area defined by NRCS that is characterized by a particular pattern of soils, climate, water resources, and land uses. The island of Hawaii contains nine MLRAs, some of which also occur on other islands in the state.

Mollisols: Soils with relatively thick, dark surface horizons, high cation-exchange capacity, high calcium content, that do not become hard or very hard when dry. Mollisols are conducive to plant growth. They characteristically form under grass in climates that are seasonally dry, but can form under forests.

Naturalized plant community: A community dominated by adapted, introduced species. It is a relatively stable community resulting from secondary succession after disturbance. Most grasslands in Hawaii are in this category.

Parent material: Unconsolidated and chemically weathered material from which a soil is developed.

Perudic soil moisture regime: A very wet regime found where precipitation exceeds evapotranspiration in all months of normal years. On the island of Hawaii, this regime is found on top of Kohala and on parts of the windward side of Mauna Kea.

pH: The numerical expression of the relative acidity or alkalinity of a soil sample. A pH of 7 is neutral; a pH below 7 is acidic and a pH above 7 is basic.

Reference community phase: The phase exhibiting the characteristics of the reference state and containing the full complement of plant species that historically occupied the site. It is the community phase used to classify an ecological site.

Reference state: A state that describes the ecological potential and natural or historical range of variability of an ecological site.

Residuum: Unconsolidated mineral material that has chemically and physically weathered from rock and has not moved from its place of origin.

Restoration pathway: A term describing the environmental conditions and practices that are required to recover a state that has undergone a transition.

Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR): A measure of the amount of dissolved sodium relative to calcium and magnesium in the soil water. SAR values higher than 13 create soil conditions unfavorable to most plants.

Soil moisture regime: A term referring to the presence or absence either of ground water or of water held at a tension of less than 1,500 kPa (the crop wilting point) in the soil or in specific horizons during periods of the year.

Soil temperature regime: A defined class based on mean annual soil temperature and on differences between summer and winter temperatures at a specified depth.

Soil reaction: Numerical expression in pH units of the relative acidity or alkalinity or a soil.

State: One or more community phases and their soil properties that interact with the abiotic and biotic environment to produce persistent functional and structural attributes associated with a characteristic range of variability.

State-and-transition model: A method used to display information about relationships between vegetation, soil, animals, hydrology, disturbances, and management actions on an ecological site.

Torric soil moisture regime: See Aridic soil moisture regime.

Transition: A term describing the biotic or abiotic variables or events that contribute to loss of state resilience and result in shifts between states.

Ustic soil moisture regime: A regime in which moisture is limited but present at a time when conditions are suitable for plant growth. In Hawaii it usually is associated with dry forests and subalpine shrublands.

Contributors

David Clausnitzer PhD
John Proctor
Carolyn Auweloa
Kendra Moseley
Amy Koch
Daniel Bowman
Ann Tan
Jennifer Fedenko
Sarah Quitsberg

Approval

Kendra Moseley, 5/08/2025

Acknowledgments

Assistance, advice, review, and/or insights:

Mike Kolman, NRCS
Jennifer Higashino, NRCS
Randy Bartlett, Puu Kukui Watershed Preserve
Alison Cohan, The Nature Conservancy
Michael Constantinides, NRCS-PIA
Gordon Cran, Kapapala Ranch
Diana Crow, Ulupalakua Ranch
Lance DeSilva, Hawaii DLNR
Kerri Fay, Waikamoi Preserve, The Nature Conservancy
Alex Franco, Kaupo Ranch
Ranae Ganske-Cerizo, NRCS
Carl Hashimoto, NRCS
Bob Hobdy, consultant
Wallace Jennings, NRCS
Mel Johansen, The Nature Conservancy
Jordan Jokiel, Haleakala Ranch
David Leonard, volunteer
Penny Levin
Reese Libby, GIS - NRCS
Hannah Lutgen, Maui SWCD
Joseph May, NRCS
Scott Meidel, Haleakala Ranch
Anna Palomino, Hoolawa Farms Inc.
Jon Price, USGS
Tamara Sherrill, USFWS, Maui Nui Botanical Garden
Amber Starr, Hana Ranch
Kahana Stone, NRCS
Mark Vaught, Water Resources, Alexander & Baldwin
Jacqueline Vega, NRCS
Rich von Wellsheim, Whispering Bamboos, Kipahulu