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Ecological site R028AY430UT

Mountain Windswept Ridge

Last updated: 6/12/2025
Accessed: 10/19/2025

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General information

Provisional. A provisional ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model and enough information to identify the ecological site.

MLRA notes

Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): 028A–Ancient Lake Bonneville

MLRA 28A occurs in Utah (82 percent), Nevada (16 percent), and Idaho (2 percent). It encompasses approximately 36,775 square miles (95,246 square kilometers). A large area west and southwest of Great Salt Lake is a salty playa. This area is the farthest eastern extent of the Great Basin Section of the Basin and Range Province of the Intermontane Plateaus. It is an area of nearly level basins between widely separated mountain ranges trending north to south. The basins are bordered by long, gently sloping alluvial fans. The mountains are uplifted fault blocks with steep side slopes. Most of the valleys are closed basins containing sinks or playa lakes. Elevation ranges from 3,950 to 6,560 feet (1,204 to 2,000 meters) in the basins and from 6,560 to 11,150 feet (1,996 to 3,398 meters) in the mountains. Much of the MLRA has alluvial valley fill and playa lakebed deposits at the surface from pluvial Lake Bonneville, which dominated this MLRA 13,000 years ago. A level line of remnant lake terraces on some mountain slopes indicates the former extent of this glacial lake. The Great Salt Lake is what remains of the pluvial lake.

Mountains in the interior of this MLRA consist of tilted blocks of marine sediments from Cambrian to Mississippian age with scattered outcrops of Tertiary continental sediments and volcanic rocks. The average annual precipitation is 5 to 12 inches (13 to 30 cm) in the valleys and ranges up to 49 inches (124 cm) in the mountains. Most of the rainfall in the southern LRU occurs as high-intensity, convective thunderstorms during the growing season (April through September). The driest period is from midsummer to early autumn in the northern LRU. Precipitation in winter typically occurs as snow. The average annual temperature is 39 to 53 °F (4 to 12 °C). The freeze-free period averages 165 days and ranges from 110 to 215 days, decreasing in length with increasing elevation. The dominant soil orders in this MLRA are Aridisols, Entisols, and Mollisols. Soils are dominantly in the mesic or frigid soil temperature regime, aridic or xeric soil moisture regime, and mixed mineralogy. The soils are generally well drained, loamy or loamy-skeletal, and very deep.

LRU notes

The Basin and Range North LRU exhibits dry summer with stronger xeric patterns than the Basin and Range South LRU. Ranges in the north LRU are about 50 percent Paleozoic sedimentary/metasedimentary (limestone/quartzite dominant) and about 10 percent Tertiary volcanics. The basin floors are between 4,200 and 5,100 feet (1,280 to 1,554 meters) in elevation. Pinyon and juniper sites have a greater percentage of Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma) in the plant community than pinyon pine (Pinus edulis or monophylla). The Basin and Range North have few semidesert ecological sites with Utah juniper. Cool-season grasses, such as bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata), are dominant in the plant community, while warm-season grasses are largely absent or a small component of the plant community.

Ecological site concept

The Mountain Windswept Ridge site is located on steep mountainsides and ridges (20 to 70 percent) between 7,000 and 10,000 feet (2,133 to 3,048 meters). The soil is loamy-skeletal and shallow. The soil has a restrictive layer between 10 and 20 inches to bedrock. The precipitation ranges from 16 to 35 inches (406 to 889 mm). The dominant vegetation is low sagebrush (Artemisia arbuscula) and bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata).

Associated sites

R028AY456UT	Mountain Stony Loam (Antelope Bitterbrush) This site occurs in deeper soils and has a more diverse plant community.
R047XA410UT	Mountain Gravelly Loam (oak) This site occurs down slope in convex positions where the soil is deeper and more moisture accumulates.
F047XA533UT	High Mountain Stony Loam (mixed conifer) This site occurs in deeper soils off the ridgeline.

R028AY456UT

Mountain Stony Loam (Antelope Bitterbrush)

This site occurs in deeper soils and has a more diverse plant community.

R047XA410UT

Mountain Gravelly Loam (oak)

This site occurs down slope in convex positions where the soil is deeper and more moisture accumulates.

F047XA533UT

High Mountain Stony Loam (mixed conifer)

This site occurs in deeper soils off the ridgeline.

Table 1. Dominant plant species

Tree	Not specified
Shrub	(1) Artemisia arbuscula
Herbaceous	(1) Pseudoroegneria spicata

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Physiographic features

The Mountain Windswept Ridge site occurs on mountainsides and ridges. This site is found on all aspects at elevations between 7,000 and 10,000 feet (2,133 to 3,048 meters). Slopes are steep (20 to 60 percent). Flooding does not occur on this site.

Table 2. Representative physiographic features

Landforms	(1) Mountainside (2) Ridge
Flooding frequency	None
Ponding frequency	None
Elevation	7,000 – 10,000 ft
Slope	20 – 70%

Climatic features

The climate is characterized by warm, dry summers, cold, snowy winters and moist springs. The average annual precipitation is between 16 and 35 inches. October through May is the wettest part of the year and June through August are the driest. The effective moisture for plant growth is the portion that falls during the plant dormant period, which wets the soil deeply in the spring.

Table 3. Representative climatic features

Frost-free period (characteristic range)
Freeze-free period (characteristic range)
Precipitation total (characteristic range)	16-35 in
Frost-free period (average)
Freeze-free period (average)
Precipitation total (average)	26 in

Bar

Line

Figure 1. Monthly precipitation range

Bar

Line

Figure 2. Monthly average minimum and maximum temperature

Soil features

The characteristic soils are shallow and well drained. The soil was formed in colluvium and/or residuum derived from quartzite. The surface horizon has a loam texture with cobbles occurring on the surface. Rock fragments occur frequently on the soil surface and make up more than 35 percent of the soil cover and more than 65 percent of the subsoil volume. Available water capacity is about 1 inch in the upper 40 inches of soil. These soils are neutral and are not calcareous on the surface. The soil moisture regime is xeric and the soil temperature regime is frigid.

Soil Map Units that may contain this site:
Soil Survey Area: Soil Components (Map units in parentheses)
Tooele Area, Utah-Tooele County and Parts of Box Elder, Davis and Juab Counties (UT611): Onaqui (20, 47)
West Millard-Juab Area, Utah, Parts of Millard and Juab Counties (UT617): Onaqui (61)
NV779: Onaqui (6120)

Table 4. Representative soil features

Parent material	(1) Colluvium – quartzite (2) Residuum
Surface texture	(1) Very cobbly loam
Drainage class	Well drained
Permeability class	Moderately slow to very slow
Depth to restrictive layer	10 – 20 in
Soil depth	10 – 20 in
Surface fragment cover <=3"	22 – 34%
Surface fragment cover >3"	20 – 23%
Available water capacity (Depth not specified)	0.8 – 1.2 in
Soil reaction (1:1 water) (Depth not specified)	6.6 – 7.8
Subsurface fragment volume <=3" (Depth not specified)	22 – 40%
Subsurface fragment volume >3" (Depth not specified)	27 – 40%

Ecological dynamics

Low sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass are the dominant plants on the Mountain Windswept Ridge site. Various other shrubs, grasses, and forbs may occur. The physical location of this site makes it prone to high winds. These winds may decrease snow accumulation and lower the effective precipitation. The high rock content on the soil surface and subsurface can protect the soil from erosion.

The state and transition model for the site was developed from information from a similar site developed in Nevada, Mountain Ridge (028AY062NV). Two possible stable states have been hypothesized for this ecological site. These plant communities may not represent every possibility, but they are the most prevalent and repeatable plant communities. As data is collected, some of these plant communities may be revised or removed and new ones may be added. None of these plant communities should necessarily be thought of as the “desired plant community”. According to the USDA NRCS National Range and Pasture Handbook, the desired plant community will be determined by the decision makers and will meet minimum quality criteria established by the NRCS. The main purpose for including any description of a plant community here is to capture the current knowledge and experience at the time of this revision. Specific community phases and transitions will be described in the narratives below.

State and transition model

Custom diagram

Standard diagram

More interactive model formats are also available. View Interactive Models

More interactive model formats are also available. View Interactive Models
Click on state and transition labels to scroll to the respective text

Ecosystem states

1. Reference State

SWAPAEH

2. Current Potential State

SWAPAEH

State 1 submodel, plant communities

1.1. Low sagebrush/bluebunch wheatgrass

State 2 submodel, plant communities

2.1. Low sagebrush/bluebunch wheatgrass/non-native species

State 1
Reference State

The Reference State represents the natural range of variability under a typical pre-European disturbance regime. This site lacks data to support more than one potential plant community. As additional data is collected, more plant communities may be added.

Community 1.1
Low sagebrush/bluebunch wheatgrass

This plant community is dominated by low sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass.

State 2
Current Potential State

The Current Potential State is similar to the Reference State, but with the addition of non-native species in the plant community. The addition of non-native species can reduce the resiliency of the site under the typical disturbance regime.

Community 2.1
Low sagebrush/bluebunch wheatgrass/non-native species

The plant community is dominated by low sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass with a small percentage of non-native species.

Transition T1A
State 1 to 2

Introduction of non-native species.

Additional community tables

Rangeland health reference sheet

Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health is a qualitative assessment protocol used to determine ecosystem condition based on benchmark characteristics described in the Reference Sheet. A suite of 17 (or more) indicators are typically considered in an assessment. The ecological site(s) representative of an assessment location must be known prior to applying the protocol and must be verified based on soils and climate. Current plant community cannot be used to identify the ecological site.

Author(s)/participant(s)
Contact for lead author
Date	06/13/2025
Approved by	Kendra Moseley
Approval date
Composition (Indicators 10 and 12) based on	Annual Production

Indicators

Number and extent of rills:
Presence of water flow patterns:
Number and height of erosional pedestals or terracettes:
Bare ground from Ecological Site Description or other studies (rock, litter, lichen, moss, plant canopy are not bare ground):
Number of gullies and erosion associated with gullies:
Extent of wind scoured, blowouts and/or depositional areas:
Amount of litter movement (describe size and distance expected to travel):
Soil surface (top few mm) resistance to erosion (stability values are averages - most sites will show a range of values):
Soil surface structure and SOM content (include type of structure and A-horizon color and thickness):
Effect of community phase composition (relative proportion of different functional groups) and spatial distribution on infiltration and runoff:
Presence and thickness of compaction layer (usually none; describe soil profile features which may be mistaken for compaction on this site):
Functional/Structural Groups (list in order of descending dominance by above-ground annual-production or live foliar cover using symbols: >>, >, = to indicate much greater than, greater than, and equal to):

Dominant:

Sub-dominant:

Other:

Additional:
Amount of plant mortality and decadence (include which functional groups are expected to show mortality or decadence):
Average percent litter cover (%) and depth ( in):
Expected annual annual-production (this is TOTAL above-ground annual-production, not just forage annual-production):
Potential invasive (including noxious) species (native and non-native). List species which BOTH characterize degraded states and have the potential to become a dominant or co-dominant species on the ecological site if their future establishment and growth is not actively controlled by management interventions. Species that become dominant for only one to several years (e.g., short-term response to drought or wildfire) are not invasive plants. Note that unlike other indicators, we are describing what is NOT expected in the reference state for the ecological site:
Perennial plant reproductive capability:

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