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Ecological site AX004A01X403

Udic Moist Forest

Last updated: 5/06/2025
Accessed: 10/18/2025

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General information

Provisional. A provisional ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model and enough information to identify the ecological site.

MLRA notes

Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): 004A–Sitka Spruce Belt

This area consists of a long and narrow band of marine terraces, coastal estuaries, sand dunes, low relief hills, and mountain slopes that parallels the Pacific Ocean. This area is entirely within the Pacific Border Province of the Pacific Mountain System in Oregon and Washington. In Washington, this area ranges in elevation from sea level to a maximum of 1800 feet (550 meters) inland. The portion of this area in northern Washington consists primarily of glacial deposits, with some scattered young Tertiary sedimentary rocks. The climate is cool and moist, with minimal changes between seasons. Summer temperatures are moderated by the proximity of cool ocean water and fog. Sitka spruce forests are characteristic of this area. The average annual precipitation is 52 to 60 inches (1,320 to 1,525 millimeters) near the beach and can be as much as about 150 inches (3,800 millimeters) at the higher elevations along the inland edge of the MLRA. Most of the rainfall occurs during low-intensity, Pacific frontal storms. Precipitation is evenly distributed throughout fall, winter, and spring; summers are cool and dry. Snowfall accumulation is rare on the ocean side of this area, but some snowfall occurs along the eastern boundary. This area lies within the coastal fog belt zone, and heavy fogs are common in summer. Supplemental moisture is provided by fog condensation. Dominant soil orders in this MLRA are Andisols, Inceptisols, Spodosols, and Entisols.

Ecological site concept

Isomesic Udic Moist Forest sites occur on stable landscape positions on colluvial aprons in the isomesic fog belt. Runoff generated from less stable Isomesic Udic Forest sites accumulates on Isomesic Udic Moist Forest sites, resulting in increased available water. As a result, Isomesic Udic Moist Forest sites characteristically favor the growth and production of moist mesophytic understory species, such as salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis) and threeleaf foamflower (Tiarella trifoliata).

Isomesic Udic Moist Forest sites are characterized by a dense overstory of western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) and Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), accompanied by an understory shrub community of salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis) and cascara buckthorn (Frangula purshiana). The herbaceous layer is dominated by common ladyfern (Athyrium filix-femina), western swordfern (Polystichum munitum), horsetail (Equisetum spp.), threeleaf foamflower (Tiarella trifoliata), redwood-sorrel (Oxalis oregana), water parsley (Oenanthe sarmentosa), and threepetal bedstraw (Galium trifidum). Western redcedar (Thuja plicata) is commonly present in the overstory.

Associated sites

AX001X01X200	Temperate Wet Meadow Temperate Wet Meadow sites may be found adjacent to or surrounded by Isomesic Udic Moist Forest sites. Temperate Wet Meadows occur on depressions and seeps. Temperate Wet Meadow sites lack tree cover.
AX004A01X404	Isomesic Aquic Forest Isomesic Aquic Forest sites may occur downslope or in mosaic with Isomesic Udic Moist Forest sites. Isomesic Aquic Forest sites occur on depressions and seeps and are subject to ponding.
AX004A01X401	Isomesic Udic Forest Isomesic Udic Forest sites may be found upslope of Isomesic Udic Moist Forest sites and frequently generate run-off moisture that is captured by Isomesic Udic Moist Forest sites.

AX001X01X200

Temperate Wet Meadow

Temperate Wet Meadow sites may be found adjacent to or surrounded by Isomesic Udic Moist Forest sites. Temperate Wet Meadows occur on depressions and seeps. Temperate Wet Meadow sites lack tree cover.

AX004A01X404

Isomesic Aquic Forest

Isomesic Aquic Forest sites may occur downslope or in mosaic with Isomesic Udic Moist Forest sites. Isomesic Aquic Forest sites occur on depressions and seeps and are subject to ponding.

AX004A01X401

Isomesic Udic Forest

Isomesic Udic Forest sites may be found upslope of Isomesic Udic Moist Forest sites and frequently generate run-off moisture that is captured by Isomesic Udic Moist Forest sites.

Similar sites

AX001X01X402	Mesic Udic Moist Forest Mesic Udic Moist Forest sites occur at higher elevations and lack Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis).
AX001X01X407	Frigid Udic Moist Forest Frigid Udic Moist Forest sites occur at much higher elevations and support Pacific silver-fir (Abies amabilis).

AX001X01X402

Mesic Udic Moist Forest

Mesic Udic Moist Forest sites occur at higher elevations and lack Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis).

AX001X01X407

Frigid Udic Moist Forest

Frigid Udic Moist Forest sites occur at much higher elevations and support Pacific silver-fir (Abies amabilis).

Table 1. Dominant plant species

Tree	(1) Tsuga heterophylla (2) Picea sitchensis
Shrub	(1) Rubus spectabilis (2) Frangula purshiana
Herbaceous	(1) Athyrium filix-femina (2) Tiarella trifoliata

Legacy ID

F004AA403WA

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Physiographic features

This site primarily occurs on colluvial aprons on mountains. These upland forest sites are strongly influenced by slope gradient. Isomesic Udic Moist Forest sites typically are found on intermediate slopes between steeper Isomesic Udic Forests and the more stable Temperate Wet Meadow or Isomesic Aquic Forest sites. These sites receive a moderate amount of additional moisture due to their run-on slope position.

Table 2. Representative physiographic features

Landforms	(1) Mountains > Colluvial apron
Flooding frequency	None
Ponding frequency	None
Elevation	328 – 984 ft
Slope	35%
Water table depth	59 in
Aspect	W, NW, N, NE, E, SE, S, SW

Climatic features

This site occurs in an isomesic temperature and udic moisture regime. Precipitation arrives mostly via low-intensity, Pacific frontal storms. Precipitation mostly falls as rain, but some snowfall occurs along the eastern boundary of the area. Precipitation is evenly distributed throughout the fall, winter, and spring, while summers are dry. Heavy fog is very common in the summer, contributing supplemental moisture. The frost-free period of this area is strongly tied to ocean proximity; the eastern edge of the area has a significantly shorter growing season than the western edge. There is relatively little seasonal variation in air temperature due to Pacific Ocean influence.

Table 3. Representative climatic features

Frost-free period (characteristic range)	180-240 days
Freeze-free period (characteristic range)
Precipitation total (characteristic range)	79-118 in

Soil features

The soils are very deep, have very high or high Ksat throughout, and are well drained. The soils are formed colluvium derived from metasedimentary rock. The soil surface texture is Silt Loam. Clay content is eight to 17 percent throughout. The soil series for this ecological site is Jolleycreek. Although representative of this site, these soils may exist across multiple ecological sites because of naturally variable slope, texture, rock fragments, and pH. An on-site soil pit and the most current ecological site key are necessary to classify a site.

Table 4. Representative soil features

Parent material	(1) Colluvium – metasedimentary rock
Surface texture	(1) Silt loam
Drainage class	Well drained
Soil depth	59 in
Surface fragment cover <=3"	5%
Surface fragment cover >3"	5%
Available water capacity (0-40in)	4.5 – 6 in
Soil reaction (1:1 water) (0-10in)	4.5 – 5.5
Subsurface fragment volume <=3" (0-20in)	35%
Subsurface fragment volume >3" (0-20in)	10%

Ecological dynamics

Frequent, small-scale disturbance from windthrow events create a mosaic fabric of early-seral patches within late-seral communities. Canopy gaps created by windthrow favor shade-intolerant understory species such as red alder (Alnus rubra) and red elderberry (Sambucus racemosa). Dominant conifers on this site are susceptible to a variety of root and butt rot fungi. Wood decay fungi exacerbate mature trees’ vulnerability to windthrow events.

Infrequent, large-scale disturbances may occur in the form of stand-replacing wildfires, cataclysmic wind events, or large mass movement events. High force windstorms are a major source of large-scale disturbance in these forests. These blowdown events may be stand replacing and conditions tend to favor shade intolerant species in their aftermath (Van Pelt, 2007). The fire regime of this site is characterized by high-intensity, stand replacing fires with a long return interval – greater than 100 years (FEIS). Though infrequent, wildfires have a profound influence on the composition of these forests. Sitka spruce is a relatively shade-intolerant species and regenerates quickly in the aftermath of a stand-replacing wildfire. In the absence of large-scale disturbance, more shade-tolerant western hemlock regenerates successfully. Large mass-movement events also provide conditions favorable for early seral species. Landslides are a significant source of disturbance, owing to the steep terrain and sedimentary geology of the park. (Gavin, 2014).

Red alder (Alnus rubra) and Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) recruits regenerate in the aftermath of stand-replacing disturbance, accompanied by California blackberry (Rubus ursinus) and fireweed (Chamerion angustifolium). As Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) and red alder (Alnus rubra) grow and form a discrete canopy, the understory community diversifies. Shrub and forb layers develop, dominated by cascara buckthorn (Frangula purshiana), and salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis), and common ladyfern (Athyrium filix-femina) and threeleaf foamflower (Tiarella trifoliata) respectively. Canopy stratification will be encouraged by tree maturation, as well as by mortality induced by small-scale disturbances. Increased vertical stratification promotes diversity and abundance of shrubs and forbs, allowing a return to reference community conditions.

State and transition model

More interactive model formats are also available. View Interactive Models
Click on state and transition labels to scroll to the respective text

1.1B	-	Minor disturbance
1.1A	-	High-intensity disturbance
1.2A	-	Time without disturbance
1.2B	-	High-intensity disturbance
1.3A	-	Time without disturbance
1.4B	-	High-intensity disturbance
1.4A	-	Time without disturbance
1.5A	-	Time without disturbance
1.5B	-	High-intensity disturbance

State 1
Reference

The reference state is comprised of five communities in varying stages of regeneration following either small-scale or large-scale disturbance.

Dominant plant species

western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), tree
Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), tree
red alder (Alnus rubra), tree
western redcedar (Thuja plicata), tree
salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis), shrub
Cascara buckthorn (Frangula purshiana), shrub
California blackberry (Rubus ursinus), shrub
red elderberry (Sambucus racemosa), shrub
common ladyfern (Athyrium filix-femina), other herbaceous
threeleaf foamflower (Tiarella trifoliata), other herbaceous
horsetail (Equisetum), other herbaceous
redwood-sorrel (Oxalis oregana), other herbaceous
water parsely (Oenanthe sarmentosa), other herbaceous
threepetal bedstraw (Galium trifidum), other herbaceous
fireweed (Chamerion angustifolium), other herbaceous

Community 1.1
Western Hemlock, Sitka Spruce, Salmonberry, Cascara Buckthorn, Common Ladyfern, and Threeleaf Foamflower

Structure: Multistory with small gap dynamics Western hemlock and Sitka spruce are the dominant overstory species in the reference community. Common understory species include salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis), cascara buckthorn (Frangula purshiana), common ladyfern (Athyrium filix-femina), western swordfern (Polystichum munitum), horsetail (Equisetum spp.), threeleaf foamflower (Tiarella trifoliata), redwood-sorrel (Oxalis oregana), water parsley (Oenanthe sarmentosa), and threepetal bedstraw (Galium trifidum). Western redcedar (Thuja plicata) is commonly present in the overstory. High vertical stratification in the canopy and the presence of small gaps favors an abundant understory.

Community 1.2
Western Hemlock, Sitka Spruce, Red Elderberry, Salmonberry, Common Ladyfern, and Horsetail

Structure: Mosaic of overstory and openings in varying states of regeneration This community is initiated in the wake of small-scale disturbance which creates small canopy openings. Red elderberry (Sambucus racemosa) frequently establishes in regenerating canopy gaps. Western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) and Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) recruits will eventually establish in the canopy openings and regenerate the canopy.

Community 1.3
Red Alder, Sitka Spruce, California Blackberry, and Fireweed

Structure: Open forest with shrubby regeneration and snags This community is an early seral stage, occurring after a stand-replacing disturbance. Nearly all trees have been removed. Red alder (Alnus rubra) establishes quickly in recently opened areas. Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) seedlings are quick to establish on site after disturbance. Big leaf maple (Acer macrophyllum) may also establish post-disturbance. Shrubs and forbs are often able to outcompete tree saplings for several years post-disturbance. California blackberry (Rubus ursinus), locally known as trailing blackberry, and fireweed (Chamerion angustifolium) are frequently the first to establish in early seral communities.

Community 1.4
Sitka Spruce, Red Alder, Salmonberry, Cascara Buckthorn, Common Ladyfern, and Horsetail

Structure: Dense single-story Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) can regenerate successfully in the years following a stand-replacing disturbance. As time progresses, understory species regenerate and diversify. Salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis) and cascara buckthorn (Frangula purshiana) often establish on this site, accompanied by common ladyfern (Athyrium filix-femina) and horsetail (Equisetum spp.). Western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) is slower to establish post-disturbance and may not begin successful regeneration until a canopy has been established.

Community 1.5
Sitka Spruce, Western Hemlock, Salmonberry, Cascara Buckthorn, Common Ladyfern, and Horsetail

Structure: Dense single stratum canopy with diminished understory Continued Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) growth forms a dense canopy. Western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) gradually regenerates under the canopy. The understory continues to develop. Salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis) and cascara buckthorn (Frangula purshiana) dominate the shrub layer, while common ladyfern (Athyrium filix-femina), and horsetail (Equisetum spp.) is common in the herbaceous layer. While the species composition of the understory begins to resemble the Reference community, understory productivity is diminished due to low canopy stratification and dense tree growth, limiting available sunlight at the forest floor. Additional time will be required for the stand to develop vertical stratification. Individual tree mortality will promote age class diversity.

Pathway 1.1B
Community 1.1 to 1.2

Minor disturbances, often caused by individual tree mortality, create small gaps in the forest canopy.

Pathway 1.1A
Community 1.1 to 1.3

Stand-replacing disturbances such as high-intensity fire, catastrophic windstorms, and mass-movement events open the forest and lead to the stand initiation phase of development.

Pathway 1.2A
Community 1.2 to 1.1

Time without disturbance allows regeneration, growth, and progression to a later seral stage.

Pathway 1.2B
Community 1.2 to 1.3

Stand-replacing disturbances such as high-intensity fire, catastrophic windstorms, and mass-movement events open the forest and lead to the stand initiation phase of development.

Pathway 1.3A
Community 1.3 to 1.4

Time without disturbance allows regeneration, growth, and progression to a later seral stage.

Pathway 1.4B
Community 1.4 to 1.3

Stand-replacing disturbances such as high-intensity fire, catastrophic windstorms, and mass-movement events open the forest and lead to the stand initiation phase of development.

Pathway 1.4A
Community 1.4 to 1.5

Time without disturbance allows regeneration, growth, and progression to a later seral stage.

Pathway 1.5A
Community 1.5 to 1.1

Time without disturbance allows regeneration, growth, and progression to the reference community. Individual tree mortality gradually leads to a varied-age stand.

Pathway 1.5B
Community 1.5 to 1.3

Stand-replacing disturbances such as high-intensity fire, catastrophic windstorms, and mass-movement events open the forest and lead to the stand initiation phase of development.

Additional community tables

Supporting information

Other references

Breemen, Nico van. “How Sphagnum Bogs down Other Plants.” Trends in Ecology & Evolution 10, no. 7 (July 1, 1995): 270–75. 90007-1.

Dwire, K. and Kauffman, J. 2003. Fire and Riparian Ecosystems in Landscapes in the Western United States. Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 178 pg. 61-74.

Franklin, Jerry F.; Cromack, Kermit, Jr.; Denison, William; [and others]. 1981. Ecological characteristics of old-growth Douglas-fir forests. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-118. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 48 p. [7551]

Gavin, D., Brubaker, L. (2015). The Modern Landscape of the Olympic Peninsula. In: Late Pleistocene and Holocene Environmental Change on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. Ecological Studies, vol 222. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11014-1_1

Geertsema, Marten & Pojar, James. (2007). Influence of landslides on biophysical diversity — A perspective from British Columbia. Geomorphology. 89. 55-69. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.07.019.

Goheen, E.M. and Willhite, E.A. 2006. Field Guide to Common Diseases and Inspect Pests of Oregon and Washington Conifers. Portland, Oregon: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region R6-NR-FID-PR-01-06.

Hanley, D.P and D.M. Baumgartner. 2002. Forest Ecology in Washington. Washington State University Extension Publishing. Technical Report EB 1943.

Hanson, E.J., D.L. Azuma and B.A. Hiserote. 2002. Site Index Equations and Mean Annual Increment Equations for Pacific Northwest Research Station Forest Inventory and Analysis Inventories, 1985-2001. USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, Research Note PNW-RN-533.

Hemstrom, M., Franklin, J. 1982. Fire and Other Disturbances of the Forests in Mount Rainier National Park. Quaternary Research, Vol 18 pp 32-61.

James K. Agee and Mark H. Huff. 1987. Fuel succession in a western hemlock/Douglas-fir forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 17(7): 697-704. https://doi.org/10.1139/x87-112

Nielsen, E. M., R. L. Brunner, C. Copass and L. K. Wise, 2021. Olympic National Park map class descriptions. National Park Service, Fort Collins.

Pojar J., and MacKinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine, Vancouver, British Columbia. 528 pages.

PRISM Climate Group, Oregon State University, http://prism.orgeonstate.edu, visited October 2023.

Reed Wendel, Darlene Zabowskl "Fire History within the Lower Elwha River Watershed, Olympic National Park, Washington," Northwest Science, 84(1), 88-97, (1 January 2010)

Rochefort, R.M. and Peterson, D.L. 1996. Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Trees in Subalpine Meadows of Mount Rainier National Park. Arctic and Alpine Research, Vol. 28, No. 1 pp 52-59.

Seastedt, T.R., Adams, G.A. 2001. Effects of Mobile Tree Islands on Alpine Tundra Soils. Ecology, Vol 82 pp 8-17.

Smith, K., G. Kuhn, and L. Townsend. 2008. Culmination of Mean Annual Increment for Indicator Tree Species in the State of Washington. USDA-NRCS Technical Note Forestry-9.

United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 2015. Silvics Manual Vol 1. http://na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/Volume_1/vol1_Table_of_contents.htm, visited December 2015.

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, and United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service. 2014. Ecological Site Descriptions for North Cascades National Park Complex, Washington.

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, and United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Ecological Site Descriptions for Mount Rainier National Park, Washington.

Van Pelt, R. 2007. Identifying Mature and Old Forests in Western Washington. Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, WA. 104 p

Washington Department of Natural Resources, Natural Heritage Program. 2015. Ecological Systems of Washington State. A Guide to Identification.

Wood, David, and Moral, Roger del. “Mechanisms of Early Primary Succession in Subalpine Habitats on Mount St. Helens.” Ecology 68, no. 4 (1987).

Zhao, Yunpeng, Chengzhu Liu, Simin Wang, Yiyun Wang, Xiaoqing Liu, Wanqing Luo, and Xiaojuan Feng. “‘Triple Locks’ on Soil Organic Carbon Exerted by Sphagnum Acid in Wetlands.” Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 315 (December 2021): 24–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2021.09.028.

Contributors

Max Ross
Erik Dahlke
Alec Haulotte
Erin Kreutz
Abigail Field

Approval

Kirt Walstad, 5/06/2025

Rangeland health reference sheet

Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health is a qualitative assessment protocol used to determine ecosystem condition based on benchmark characteristics described in the Reference Sheet. A suite of 17 (or more) indicators are typically considered in an assessment. The ecological site(s) representative of an assessment location must be known prior to applying the protocol and must be verified based on soils and climate. Current plant community cannot be used to identify the ecological site.

Author(s)/participant(s)
Contact for lead author
Date	05/07/2025
Approved by	Kirt Walstad
Approval date
Composition (Indicators 10 and 12) based on	Annual Production

Indicators

Number and extent of rills:
Presence of water flow patterns:
Number and height of erosional pedestals or terracettes:
Bare ground from Ecological Site Description or other studies (rock, litter, lichen, moss, plant canopy are not bare ground):
Number of gullies and erosion associated with gullies:
Extent of wind scoured, blowouts and/or depositional areas:
Amount of litter movement (describe size and distance expected to travel):
Soil surface (top few mm) resistance to erosion (stability values are averages - most sites will show a range of values):
Soil surface structure and SOM content (include type of structure and A-horizon color and thickness):
Effect of community phase composition (relative proportion of different functional groups) and spatial distribution on infiltration and runoff:
Presence and thickness of compaction layer (usually none; describe soil profile features which may be mistaken for compaction on this site):
Functional/Structural Groups (list in order of descending dominance by above-ground annual-production or live foliar cover using symbols: >>, >, = to indicate much greater than, greater than, and equal to):

Dominant:

Sub-dominant:

Other:

Additional:
Amount of plant mortality and decadence (include which functional groups are expected to show mortality or decadence):
Average percent litter cover (%) and depth ( in):
Expected annual annual-production (this is TOTAL above-ground annual-production, not just forage annual-production):
Potential invasive (including noxious) species (native and non-native). List species which BOTH characterize degraded states and have the potential to become a dominant or co-dominant species on the ecological site if their future establishment and growth is not actively controlled by management interventions. Species that become dominant for only one to several years (e.g., short-term response to drought or wildfire) are not invasive plants. Note that unlike other indicators, we are describing what is NOT expected in the reference state for the ecological site:
Perennial plant reproductive capability:

Download reference sheet

Click on box and path labels to scroll to the respective text.

Ecosystem states

1. Reference

State 1 submodel, plant communities

1.1. Western Hemlock, Sitka Spruce, Salmonberry, Cascara Buckthorn, Common Ladyfern, and Threeleaf Foamflower

1.2. Western Hemlock, Sitka Spruce, Red Elderberry, Salmonberry, Common Ladyfern, and Horsetail

1.3. Red Alder, Sitka Spruce, California Blackberry, and Fireweed

1.4. Sitka Spruce, Red Alder, Salmonberry, Cascara Buckthorn, Common Ladyfern, and Horsetail

1.5. Sitka Spruce, Western Hemlock, Salmonberry, Cascara Buckthorn, Common Ladyfern, and Horsetail

Communities 1 and 5 (additional pathways)

1.1. Western Hemlock, Sitka Spruce, Salmonberry, Cascara Buckthorn, Common Ladyfern, and Threeleaf Foamflower

1.5. Sitka Spruce, Western Hemlock, Salmonberry, Cascara Buckthorn, Common Ladyfern, and Horsetail

1.1B	-	Minor disturbance
1.1A	-	High-intensity disturbance
1.2A	-	Time without disturbance
1.2B	-	High-intensity disturbance
1.3A	-	Time without disturbance
1.4B	-	High-intensity disturbance
1.4A	-	Time without disturbance
1.5A	-	Time without disturbance
1.5B	-	High-intensity disturbance

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Natural ResourcesConservation Service

Ecological site AX004A01X403

Udic Moist Forest

Last updated: 5/06/2025 Accessed: 10/18/2025

General information

MLRA notes

Ecological site concept

Associated sites

Similar sites

Table 1. Dominant plant species

Legacy ID

Ecosystem states

State 1 submodel, plant communities

Communities 1 and 5 (additional pathways)

Natural Resources
Conservation Service

Last updated: 5/06/2025
Accessed: 10/18/2025